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History of Management
RRT 385
Russell
Four Eras
Scientific Management (Early 1900s)
Classical Management (Late 1920s)
Human Relations Era (1930s-1950s)
Behavioral and Organizational
Humanism (1950s-1960s)
Scientific Management
(Early 1900s)
Formal and highly structured
Workers divided and tasks specialized
Clear line of authority
Key Figure—Frederick Taylor
Wrote Scientific Management
Machine model developed through time
and motion studies
Scientific Management
Specified a “standards time” for each
task
Select right person for the job
Payment on a piece by piece basis
Invented line and staff management
Threefold increase in productivity
50% increase in pay
Classical Management
(Late 1920s)
Key Figures: Weber, Fayol
Weber
Bureacracy as we know it today
Division of labor—strict rules, controls
Managers selected by expertise
Vertical chain of command—Scalar
principle
Fayol (1929)
Developed 14 principles
Five functions that were critical
Planning
Organizing
Commanding
Coordinating
Controlling
Integrated Fayol, Weber, and Taylor
Widely adopted in Public Administration Schools
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Gulick and Urwick (1937)
POSDCORB
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Organizing
Reporting
Budgeting
Planning, Organizing, Motivating, Controlling
Four Basic Principles
Management Theory
Division of labor/Task specialization
Assignment of authority and
accountability
Scalar principle
Span of control
Structure of Organizations
Formal and informal
structures
Organization charts
Differentiation of line
and staff
Human Relations Era (1930s-1950s)
Saw limitations of scientific and classical
theory
Hawthorne Studies
What did they find?
Stressed
Communication
Leadership
Interpersonal processes
Lewin et al. Studies
Tested autocratic, democratic, lassez -fare
Behaviorism and Organizational
Humanism
Psychologically
acceptable
Develop workers
Possibility for control
Shared power
Human element key
factor
McGregor, Maslow, Likerts, Argyris
Other Contributions
Three levels of management
Executive
Middle
First-line
Ex- “out of” sequi- “follow”
Following through on mission, strategy
Manus-”hand”
To direct by hand
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Summary
Each era contributed to management
theory as we know it today
Each era had limitations
Management today integrates and takes
key ideas from each
“Motivation, leadership, change,
strategy”